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Valentinian I ((ラテン語:Flavius Valentinianus Augustus);〔In Classical Latin, Valentinian's name would read as FLAVIVS VALENTINIANVS AVGVSTVS.〕 321 – 17 November 375), also known as Valentinian the Great,〔Philip Schaff, ''A Select Library of the Nicene and post Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, Volume 3''. Eerdmans Publishing, University of California, 1956. p 146〕〔Edward Kenneth Rand, ''Founders of the Middle Ages''. Dover Publications, University of Michigan, 1957. p 76〕〔Michael Whitby, Mary Whitby, ''Chronicon Paschale 284–628 AD''. Liverpool University Press, University of Michigan, 1989. p 51, 53〕〔Gilbert Dagron, ''Emperor and priest: the imperial office in Byzantium''. Cambridge University Press, 2003. p 26〕 was Roman emperor from 364 to 375. Upon becoming emperor he made his brother Valens his co-emperor, giving him rule of the eastern provinces while Valentinian retained the west. During his reign, Valentinian fought successfully against the Alamanni, Quadi, and Sarmatians. Most notable was his victory over the Alamanni in 367 at the Battle of Solicinium. His brilliant general Count Theodosius defeated a revolt in Africa and the Great Conspiracy, a coordinated assault on Roman Britain by Picts, Scots, and Saxons. Valentinian was also the last emperor to conduct campaigns across both the Rhine and Danube rivers. Valentinian rebuilt and improved the fortifications along the frontiers, even building fortresses in enemy territory. Due to the successful nature of his reign and the rapid decline of the empire after his death, he is often considered to be the "last great western emperor". He founded the Valentinian Dynasty, with his sons Gratian and Valentinian II succeeding him in the western half of the empire. ==Early life== Valentinian was born in 321〔Ammianus Marcellinus, ''Res Gestae'' XXX.6.6〕 at Cibalae in southern Pannonia (now Vinkovci in Croatia). Valentinian and his younger brother Valens were the sons of Gratianus Major, a prominent commander during the reigns of emperors Constantine I and Constans I. He and his brother grew up on the family estate where they were educated in a variety of subjects, including painting and sculpting.〔Aurelius Victor, ''Epitome de Caesaribus''. 45.5〕 Gratian the Elder was promoted to ''Comes Africae'' in the late 320s or early 330s, and the young Valentinian accompanied his father to Africa. However, Gratian was soon accused of embezzlement and was forced to retire.〔 Valentinian joined the army in the late 330s and later probably acquired the position of ''protector domesticus''.〔 Gratian was later recalled during the early 340s and was made ''comes'' of Britannia.〔 After holding this post, Gratianus retired to the family estate in Cibalae.〔Ammianus Marcellinus, ''Res Gestae'' XXX.7.3〕 In 350, Constans I was assassinated by agents of the usurper Magnentius, a commander in Gaul proclaimed emperor by his soldiers.〔Canduci, pg. 131〕 Constantius II, older brother of Constans and emperor in the East, promptly set forth towards Magnentius with a large army.〔Zosimus, ''New History'' II.60〕 The following year the two emperors met in Pannonia. The ensuing Battle of Mursa Major resulted in a costly victory for Constantius.〔Zonaras, ''Extracts of History'' XIII.8.5–13〕 Two years later he defeated Magnentius again in southern Gaul at the Battle of Mons Seleucus.〔Eutropius, ''Historiae Romanae Breviarium'' X.11-2〕 Magnentius, now realizing the futility of continuing his revolt, committed suicide in August that year; making Constantius sole ruler of the empire.〔Eutropius, ''Historiae Romanae Breviarium'' X.12〕 It was around this time that Constantius confiscated Gratianus' property, for supposedly showing hospitality to Magnentius when he was in Pannonia.〔 Despite his father's fall from favor, Valentinian does not seem to have been adversely affected at this time, making it unlikely he ever fought for the usurper.〔 It is known that Valentinian was in the region during the conflict, but what involvement he had in the war, if any, is unknown. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Valentinian I」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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